Gender Inequality in the Croatian Labour Market - Legal and Economic Aspects

The normative analysis of solutions contained in the Croatian labor-regulative system prima facie does not find flagrant deficiences of legal provisions or their significant discrepancies from comparative national systems of European states or international labour standards, but anti-discrimination measures in the conditions of inadequate level of court protection and ineffi ciency of labour inspectors in protecting substance rights often result in further refl ections of discrimination arising from the anti-discrimination basis. The gender analysis of the labor market in Croatia suffers from a lack of statistical information and research, limiting analysis and leading to the use of prior estimates and hypothesis. Therefore, scant statistical information and research about women in the labour market hinders their effectiveness with policymakers in the implementation of government procurement laws or policies that promote women in the labour community. In the circumstances of negative transitional changes, significant impact of the Church on all spheres of the social and political life, unemployment, poverty and disallowed practice that makes a women undesirabile work force, a prevention of multiple forms of discrimination and genuine affirmation of the equal distribution of gender roles in social and family life has to become a permanent imperative in the society that is pursuing values and principles of equality. The paper discusses women’s position in the Croatian labour market within transitional context, especially from legal, economic and political point of view. The pupose of this paper is to promote women position in the labour market as equal part of labour force.gender inequality, labour market, gender roles, legal and economic aspects

Computational study of radicals derived from hydroxyurea and its methylated analogues.

Structural and electronic properties and chemical fate of free radicals generated from hydroxyurea (HU) and its methylated analogues N-methylhydroxyurea (NMHU) and O-methylhydroxyurea (OMHU) are of utmost importance for their biological and pharmacological effects. In this work the cis/trans conformational processes, tautomerizations, and intramolecular hydrogen and methyl migrations in hydroxyurea-derived radicals have been considered. Potential energy profiles for these reactions have been calculated using two DFT functionals (BP86 and B3LYP) and two composite models (G3(MP2)RAD and G3B3). Solvation effects have been included both implicitly (CPCM) and explicitly. It has been shown that calculated energy barriers for free radical rearrangements are significantly reduced when a single water molecule is included in calculations. In the case of HU-derived open-shell species, a number of oxygen-, nitrogen-, and carbon-centered radicals have been located, but only the O-centered radicals (e1 and z1) fit to experimental isomeric hyperfine coupling constants (hfccs) from EPR spectra. The reduction of NMHU and OMHU produces O-centered and N-centered radicals, respectively, with the former being more stable by ca. 60 kJ mol−1. The NMHU-derived radical e4 undergoes rearrangements, which can result in formation of several conceivable products. The calculated hfccs have been successfully used to interpret the experimental EPR spectra of the most probable rearranged product 10. Reduction potentials of hydroxyureas, radical stabilization energy (RSE) and bond disocciation energy (BDE) values have been calculated to compare stabilities and reactivities of different subclasses of free radicals. It has been concluded, in agreement with experiment, that reductions of biologically relevant tyrosyl radicals by HU and NMHU are thermochemically favorable processes, and that the order of reactivity of hydroxyureas follows the experimentally observed trend NMHU > HU > OMHU

Lagrangian acceleration statistics in a turbulent channel flow

Lagrangian acceleration statistics in a fully developed turbulent channel flow at $Re_\tau = 1440$ are investigated, based on tracer particle tracking in experiments and direct numerical simulations. The evolution with wall distance of the Lagrangian velocity and acceleration time scales is analyzed. Dependency between acceleration components in the near-wall region is described using cross-correlations and joint probability density functions. The strong streamwise coherent vortices typical of wall-bounded turbulent flows are shown to have a significant impact on the dynamics. This results in a strong anisotropy at small scales in the near-wall region that remains present in most of the channel. Such statistical properties may be used as constraints in building advanced Lagrangian stochastic models to predict the dispersion and mixing of chemical components for combustion or environmental studies.Comment: accepted for publication in Physical Review Fluid

Large-eddy simulation of saltation over a gaussian dune

International audienceThe aim of this study is to develop a numerical method to simulate the turbulent boundary flow with solidparticle movement over a complex terrain. Large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to compute the flow fieldwith an immersed boundary method, which is imposed by direct forcing as suggested by Lunquist [1].Solid particles are taken into account through a Lagrangian approach. The entrainment model is appliedto initialize the particle movement while particle/soil interaction is accounted for by the rebound model.A canonical simulation case of a turbulent boundary layer flow over a Gaussian dune is performed toverify the accuracy of the immersed boundary method coupled with LES. Recirculation region characteristics,fluid velocity profiles as well as particle concentrations at different streamwise positions arepresented. Good agreement between experimental data and simulated results demonstrates the abilityof the improved solver, which will be applied to the simulation of turbulent boundary layer flow over adeformable sand dune.L'objectif de cette étude est de développer une méthode numérique pour simuler des écoulements tur-bulents sur des terrains complexes. La simulation des grandes échelles (SGE) est utilisée pour calculer l'écoulement du fluide. Cette méthode est couplée avec une méthode de frontière immergée, qui utilise un forçage direct selon une méthode proposée par Lunquist [1]. Les particules solides sont suivies par une approche lagrangienne. Un modèle d'envol est appliqué pour initialiser le mouvement des particules solides tandis que les interactions entre les particules et le sol sont prises en compte par un modèle de rebond. Un cas canonique d'écoulement turbulent sur une colline gaussienne est utilisé pour valider la méthode de frontière immergée couplée avec la SGE. Les caractéristiques de la zone de recirculation ainsi que des profils de vitesse du fluide et de concentration des particules sont presentés. Le bon accord entre les résultats de la simulation et les donnés expérimentales démontre la fiabilité de cette méthode améliorée, qui sera ensuite appliquée pour des cas de simulation d'écoulement turbulent sur une dune déformable

Simulation numérique directe de l'écoulement autour d'un obstacle

Nous étudions le transport de particules solides par des structures turbulentes. Afin d'obtenir des éjections intenses et bien caractérisées en comparaison aux structures de paroi présentes dans les écoulements turbulents, nous simulons un écoulement de couche limite laminaire autour d'un obstacle posé sur une paroi. L'équation de Navier-Stokes incompressible est résolue par une méthode pseudo-spectrale couplée à une méthode de pénalisation pour l'obstacle (DNS). Le suivi lagrangien simultané de particules solides ponctuelles et des structures turbulentes environnantes est appliqué

Corrélations de vitesse lagrangienne et échelle intégrale temporelle en simulation des grandes échelles

International audienc

Sex difference and intra-operative tidal volume: Insights from the LAS VEGAS study

BACKGROUND: One key element of lung-protective ventilation is the use of a low tidal volume (VT). A sex difference in use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) has been described in critically ill ICU patients.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether a sex difference in use of LTVV also exists in operating room patients, and if present what factors drive this difference.DESIGN, PATIENTS AND SETTING: This is a posthoc analysis of LAS VEGAS, a 1-week worldwide observational study in adults requiring intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals in 29 countries.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women and men were compared with respect to use of LTVV, defined as VT of 8 ml kg-1 or less predicted bodyweight (PBW). A VT was deemed 'default' if the set VT was a round number. A mediation analysis assessed which factors may explain the sex difference in use of LTVV during intra-operative ventilation.RESULTS: This analysis includes 9864 patients, of whom 5425 (55%) were women. A default VT was often set, both in women and men; mode VT was 500 ml. Median [IQR] VT was higher in women than in men (8.6 [7.7 to 9.6] vs. 7.6 [6.8 to 8.4] ml kg-1 PBW, P < 0.001). Compared with men, women were twice as likely not to receive LTVV [68.8 vs. 36.0%; relative risk ratio 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.1), P < 0.001]. In the mediation analysis, patients' height and actual body weight (ABW) explained 81 and 18% of the sex difference in use of LTVV, respectively; it was not explained by the use of a default VT.CONCLUSION: In this worldwide cohort of patients receiving intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery, women received a higher VT than men during intra-operative ventilation. The risk for a female not to receive LTVV during surgery was double that of males. Height and ABW were the two mediators of the sex difference in use of LTVV.TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01601223

Dispersion et mélange turbulents de particules solides et de gouttelettes par une simulation des grandes échelles et une modélisation stochastique lagrangienne. Application à la pollution de l'atmosphère.

In order to study atmospheric pollution and the dispersion of industrial stack emissions, a largeeddy simulation with the dynamic Smagorinsky-Germano subgrid-scale model is coupled with Lagrangian tracking of fluid particles containing scalar, solid particles and droplets.The movement of fluid particles at a subgrid level is given by a three-dimensional Langevin model.The stochastic model is written in terms of subgrid-scale statistics at a mesh level. By introducing a diffusion model, the coupling between the large-eddy simulation and the modified three-dimensionalLangevin model is applied to passive scalar dispersion. The results are validated by comparison withthe wind-tunnel experiments of Fackrell & Robins (1982).The equation of motion of a small rigid sphere in a turbulent flow is introduced. Solid particles and droplets are tracked in a Lagrangian way. The velocity of solid particles and droplets is considered to have a large scale component (directly computed by the large-eddy simulation) and a subgrid scale part. Because of inertia and gravity effects, solid particles and droplets, deviate from the trajectories of the surrounding fluid particles. Therefore, a modified Lagrangian correlation timescale is introduced into the Langevin model previously developed for the subgrid velocity of fluid particles. Two-way coupling and collisions are taken into account. The results of the large-eddy simulation with solidparticles are compared with the wind-tunnel experiments of Nalpanis et al. (1993) and of Tanièreet al. (1997) on sand particles in saltation and in modified saltation, respectively.A model for droplet coalescence and breakup is implemented which allows to predict dropletinteractions under turbulent flow conditions in the frame of the Euler/Lagrange approach. Coalescenceand breakup are considered as a stochastic process with simple scaling symmetry assumption for thedroplet radius, initially proposed by Kolmogorov (1941). At high-frequency of breakup/coalescence phenomena, this stochastic process is equivalent to the evolution of the probability density function of droplet radii, which is governed by a Fokker-Planck equation. The parameters of the model are obtained dynamically by relating them to the local resolved properties of the dispersed phasecompared to the main fluid. Within each grid cell, mass conservation is applied. The model is validated by comparison with the agglomeration model of Ho & Sommerfeld (2002), the stochastic model for secondary breakup of Apte et al. (2003) and the experimental results on secondary breakup in a coaxial jet of Lasheras et al. (1998). The large-eddy simulation coupled with Lagrangian particle tracking and the model for droplet coalescence and breakup is applied to the study of the atmospheric dispersion of wet cooling tower plumes. The simulations are done for different droplet size distributions and volume fractions. We focused on the influence of these parameters on mean concentration, concentration variance and mass flux profiles.In order to gain insight into the transport of solid particles and droplets in a turbulent boundarylayer flow, the evolution of particles that were initially distributed in an uniform way in the flow, is analysed. This simple test case represents a first approach for understanding the phenomena that take place within large clouds of pollution, sand storms or when fog disappears under the influence of a rising wind. The period and the size of regions of preferential concentration are determined. This regions are of particular interest in the study of atmospheric dispersion of particles because they can lead to pollution peaks in an otherwise, not polluted atmosphere.Afin de simuler la dispersion atmosphérique de polluants (scalaires passifs ou particules) et deprédire les pics de pollution et les interactions entre particules (collisions, coalescence et fragmentation,...), nous avons choisi d'utiliser une simulation des grandes échelles. Cette démarche est particulièrement intéressante pour simuler la dispersion, les réactions chimiques, les interactions entre particules et le mélange turbulent, parce qu'elle permet la prise en compte de l'évolution séparée des grandes échelles ne participant pas nécessairement à une dynamique modélisable simplement.Cependant, de nombreux processus physico-chimiques ont lieu à une échelle beaucoup plus petite que l'échelle minimale résolue par la simulation des grandes échelles. Il est donc nécessaire de modéliser le comportement sous-maille du scalaire passif et des particules transportées. Pour ceci, la simulation des grandes échelles est couplée avec une équation stochastique de Langevin. Le modèle stochastique est reformulé en terme de grandeurs filtrées et il est exprimé uniquement en fonction des grandeurs obtenues par la simulation des grandes échelles. Ce couplage est appliqué à la simulation de la dispersion d'un panache de scalaire passif issu d'une source élevée. L'ensemble est confronté à l'expérience de Fackrell & Robins (1982).L'équation de mouvement d'une sphère rigide dans un écoulement turbulent est introduite. Des particules solides et des gouttelettes sont suivies. Dans l'équation de transport des particules par un écoulement non uniforme, la vitesse du fluide à la position de la particule est donnée par une partie grande échelle et une partie sous-maille. La vitesse sous-maille des particules est déterminée par analogie avec le modèle stochastique de sous-maille pour le scalaire passif. La modification de l'écoulement par la présence des particules ainsi que les collisions interparticulaires sont prises en compte. L'ensemble est confronté aux expériences de laboratoire de Nalpanis et al. (1993) et de Tanière et al. (1997) relatives au transport de particules de sable et à l'érosion éolienne.Un modèle probabiliste de coalescence et de fragmentation, inspiré du modèle stochastique defragmentation de Apte et al. (2003), est développé. On considère le phénomène de coalescence etfragmentation sous l'hypothèse de symétrie d'échelle, initialement proposée par Kolmogorov (1941).Dans ces conditions, l'évolution de la distribution de taille des gouttelettes satisfait une équation deFokker-Planck. A chaque pas de temps, la distribution de taille des gouttelettes au sein de la maille est donnée par la solution de cette équation. Les paramètres du modèle sont calculés de manière locale et instantanée, en fonction de la dynamique des gouttelettes. Au sein de chaque maille, la conservationde la masse est appliquée. Le modèle est développé pour une turbulence homogène isotrope et confronéeaux résultats de Ho & Sommerfeld (2002) pour le seul cas de la coalescence, a ceux de Apte et al. (2003) pour la fragmentation et à ceux de Lasheras et al. (1998) pour un cas mixte. Une fois la validation terminée, le modèle est introduit dans la simulation des grandes échelles et l'ensemble est appliqué à la dispersion d'un panache de gouttelettes. Les résultats sont comparés aux profils expérimentaux relatifs à un scalaire passif. Il est en effet diffcile d'obtenir des données complètes, relatives au transport atmosphérique de gouttelettes.Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de transport des particules solides ou liquides dans unécoulement de couche limite, l'évolution d'un ensemble de particules qui initialement sont distribuées uniformément dans l'écoulement, est étudiée. Ce cas test simple représente une première approche dans la comprehension des phénomènes ayant lieu à l'intérieur des vents de sable ou lorsque un brouillardse lève sous les effets du vent. La taille et la périodicité des zones de concentration et sédimentation préférentielle sont répertoriées. Ces régions de forte concentration représentent un intérêt majeur pour l'étude de la pollution, car elles peuvent être à l'origine des pics de pollution dans une atmosphère peu polluée par ailleurs

Dispersion et mélange turbulents de particules solides et de gouttelettes par une simulation des grandes échelles et une modélisation stochastique lagrangienne

Une simulation des grandes échelles est utilisée pour étudier la dispersion de scalaires passifs, des particules solides et des gouttelettes dans une couche limite turbulente. Etant donné que de nombreux processus physico-chimiques, comme les réactions chimiques, les collisions, la coalescence, la fragmentation ou l'évaporation des gouttelettes ont lieu à des échelles bien plus petites que la maille, l'équation stochastique de Langevin est utilisée pour déterminer la composante petite échelle de la vitesse des particules suivies. Le modèle stochastique est exprimé uniquement en fonction des grandeurs obtenues par la SGE avec le modèle dynamique de sous-maille Germano et al. (1991). Enfin, la coalescence et la fragmentation sont introduites par un modèle probabiliste de coalescence et de fragmentation inspiré du modèle stochastique de fragmentation de Apte et al. (2003). Les résultats des différents modèles introduits sont confrontés à diverses expériences de laboratoire.In order to study the dispersion of industrial stack emissions, a large eddy simulation with the dynamic subgrid-scale model of Germano et al. (1991) is coupled with Lagrangian tracking of fluid particles containing scalar, solid particles and droplets. Because most interactions between particles, such as chemical reactions, collisions, coalescence, breakup or evaporation, take place at a subgrid scale, it is important to model the movement of particles below the grid. Therefore, a Langevin model is coupled with the LES. The stochastic model is written in terms of subgrid-scale statistics at a mesh level. Finally, a model for droplet coalescence and breakup is implemented. Coalescence and breakup are considered as a stochastic process under the scaling symmetry assumption. The model is inspired by the stochastic model for secondary breakup of Apte et al. (2003). The results of the different models implemented in the LES are compared with various wind tunnel experiments.LYON-Ecole Centrale (690812301) / SudocSudocFranceF